Selasa, 26 April 2011

                                             History of Human Evolution  




   What about the origin of modern humans who inhabit the modern world today. Looks good man is so varied from the physical and cultural characteristics. Ever thought that all modern humans originated from Africa. Starting with a series of stimulating the evolution of natural upheavals. Ancient primates fared well here and fared poorly on the other side. Most of the monkeys, some of them to be human, partly into baboons, bonobos, gorillas, and so on. How is this the real drama of human evolution?


In the beginning was Hominid.
Characteristics are bipedal hominid and walked on two legs. The advantage of the road on two legs is that they can oversee their predators and prey as well. With hands-free from their land also could supply more food to the nest. Thereby affecting their physical development. And continue to grow better. The system is also energy efficient than bipedal walking with four legs (Rodman & Henry, 1980)
Chimpanzees have a line of evolution closer to humanity than the gorillas, there is the parting point the oldest hominid ever found at this time (sahelantropus tchadensis 7 million years ago), while Homo erectus era far different from his own ancestors (2-1 million years ago)

Charles Darwin - The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin issued two hypotheses.
First he pointed to Africa as the ancestral human anatomy based on the similarity of chimpanzee and gorilla. Both require that he be considered as human beings are bipedal (walked on two legs). Why should bipedal? there is an explanation but

Ntar too long. (Update waiting for the next research). Darwin iniwaktu hypothesis is weak, since no fossil ever found in Africa. Moreover white hypothesis comes from the children and grandchildren of people in Africa is difficult to receive on those days. (Bentara Compass in 2002)

Fossils vs. Molecular Clock
In 1961, anthropologist Simons and Philbeam propose the hypothesis that hominids have been around 30-15 million years ago based on pieces of gear (talaga) ramaphitecus (Lewis, 1932). in the same decade, Pauling & Zuckerkandl, examined the amino acid in hemoglobin in the blood of some species as a common ancestor. This method is called molecular clock.

The conclusion is the ancestral primate rats and horses (70 million years), the ancestor of birds (270 million years), ancestor of frogs (350 million years) and shark (450 million). Wilson and Sarichj using molecular clock to measure when humans split from their ancestors, it turns out 5 million years ago. So there is a difference between the sides of genetics (5 million) and anthropologist (30 million)

In the Decade of the 80s, Pilbeam and Andrew, to find a more complete ramaphitecus not the teeth alone, which was not bipedal and lived in trees.

Finally there a compromise between the two camps, that the estimated figure shifted to the midpoint (10-5 million years ago). CORRECTED then Darwin's theory, that trait is not absolute hominids appeared simultaneously.

Between Ape and Hominid

Thirteen million years ago. At least two of the many common ancestor of apes - humans split from the ancestral line. , At least one of the two species became gorilla ancestor, and another into the common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans. Eight to six million years ago, the ancestors of chimps and humans split, which became one of modern chimpanzees, which one became hominids. So the African apes are not human ancestors. so proverbial, chimpanzees are human siblings, and the gorilla is a cousin, based on the proximity factor of evolution.

In 2002, accounting for 22 of hominids have been found. These include:
1. Sahelantropus tchadensis (7-6 million years ago), thought separation boundary between human and chimpanzee ancestors
2. Tugunensis Orrorin, and Ardipithecus ramidus kaddabba (6-5 million years ago)

3. Anamensis Ardipithecus (5-4 million years ago)

4. Australopithecus aethipiocus, garhi, and the oldest member of the genus homo, Homo rudolfensis (3-2 million years ago)

5. Australopithecus genus extinction period and even increased the amount of the genus homo (Homo ergaster, Homo habilis, Homo Erectus) (2-1
million years ago)

6. Homo antecessor, heidelbergensis, Neanderthals and homo sapiens (1 million years ago)
The question is, how come so many hominids in tempo seven million years old (going back to the old songs a big land

separated due to tectonic movement). And detail the story of how this affects the evolution of plate movement is too long to be written here. Perhaps my next article will be followed


Between Australopitecus - Homo
Richard Leakey, The Origin of Human Kind (1994) suggests two tentative sketch.
1. From Australopitecus afarensis - Australopitecus Afrikanus-Homo habilis - Homo erectus - Homo sapiens
2.Homo hypothetical - Homo habilis - Homo erectus - Homo sapiens.

Fierce debate emerged after the process of homo erectus to homo sapiens in the fossil hominids are scattered mark in Asia and the first Eropa.Hipotesis is multiregional, where homo sapiens came from homo erectus who lived in separate locations since leaving afrika2 million years ago. Therefore, not only homo sapiens emerged from Africa. But this hypothesis in the know aground after homo sapiens fossils older than 40,000 years of the Neanderthals. and certainly not the ancestor of homo sapiens Neanderthals. (Map the spread of homo sapiens and Neanderthals, I took from the book the Neanderthals (schrenk & Muller, 2008)





So Homo Erectus is found in Indonesia, such as Homo wajakensis, Homo soloensis, etcetera. And also Homo erectus found in China that was not the ancestor of modern humans. Because there are two "kloter" migration from Africa. Two million years ago was the movement of Homo Erectus. Meanwhile, sixty thousand years ago was the ancestor of modern humans today.

They move out of Africa and spread to all corners gradually to Europe and mainland Asia. In China and around them to move it toward the south and continue north (Siberia). From Siberia they crossed the Berring strait which is only few kilometers away from the continent of Asia (Russia Modern) and American (Modern Alaska).

In winter, the strait was frozen and can be crossed without even the most advanced transportation technologies. Homo sapiens who became the forerunners of the Modern Indian. Because of their movement from East Asia there are similarities with the Mongoloid race. So throughout history. Indian Nation is also developing into the various tribes with the physical characteristics, climate and culture of its own. So before Darwin or even Vespuci and Columbus discovered the American continent. Ancient humans have discovered the American continent though accidentally, and motivated to find a better place.

Meanwhile, Homo Sapiens moved south to Yunnan, Thailand, Malaya and then archipelago. This is what became the forerunner of modern Indonesia. This second wave of Homo sapiens have fared better than the first wave of Homo Erectus.


Out of Africa

Wallace and Wilson found that through the research of molecular biology that modern genetic material derived from a mother who lives 200000-150000

years ago in Africa. The experiment was conducted on mitochondria, the cell responsible for energy supply to the cell. And mitokondriahanya inherited from the mother. And genetic models in called mitochondrial Eve. Eva aka Eve is not the only imagine living with a man (adam), but part of the population consisting of 10 000 people.

May 2001, the results showed that of 12 000 men at the precise genetic material shows that humans in eastern Asia originated from Africa rather than from local hominid communities.

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